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Preface
The National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts is honored to present to you On the Cutting Edge – Aspects of Korean Contemporary Photography, which features a total of 132 photographic artworks of experimental styles, along with an international panel discussion on the current trends of Korean photography. These events represent another step in our efforts to enhance the dialogue and exchange of photographic ideas between Taiwan and Korea. We hope that these events will further expand our ideas on the creative developments and aesthetics of contemporary photography.
This exhibition, On the Cutting Edge – Aspects of Korean Contemporary Photography, is curated by Dr. Seung-Kon Kim, Korea¡¯s leading photographer and photographic theorist who founded the quarterly journal Photography Criticism in 1988 and established the Sajin Bipyon Award (Photography Criticism Award) in 1989. Prof. Kim¡¯s contribution to contemporary Korean photography is immeasurable. This exhibition features works by 20 photographers who are all previous winners of the prestigious Sajin Bipyon Award. All these artists are now enjoying international acclaim and success not only in photography, but also in the broader field of contemporary art. Although the works of these younger-generation photographers may first appear to be unrelated to things of the past, they are all influenced or inspired by the rich history of Korea in one way or another. Although these artists may all come from different background, they share the same socio-cultural milieu in which they, as observers, organize lives and memories.
On the Cutting Edge – Aspects of Korean Contemporary Photography is a testimony of the borderless nature of art as well as how artists engage with complex social and political issues. The works included in this exhibition are characterized by the diversity of styles and genres, ranging from traditional black-and-white photography to photographic sculptures to digital synthetics. The originality and experimental spirit of these photographic artworks can be seen to reflect the artistic freedom which is the product of change in the landscape of Korean photography in the last 10 years. They can also be seen to indicate the possible directions of future development in Korean photography.
The successful realization of this exhibition is due to the invaluable contributions of numerous people. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and admiration to Prof. Seung-Kon Kim for his enlightening insight on art as well as for his efficiency and effectiveness in organizing this exhibition. Thanks also go to associate curators of this exhibition, Professors Chao-Tang Chang and Chao-Liang Shen, for their generous assistance and advice. Last but not the least, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the 20 artists who participate in this exhibition. I hope that this exhibition will deepen our understanding of the important issues that currently engage contemporary Korean photographers, and enhance dialogue and interaction between Taiwanese and Korean photographers.
Tsai Lang Hwang, Director, National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts
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Preface
This exhibition that will be held for the first time in Taiwan has been planned to display interests and level of expression of 20 Korean artists by horizontally laying out various sections of Korea¡¯s modern photography. A total of 132 works exhibited widely vary from traditional black and white gelatin silver prints to installations, photographic sculptures and digital compositions. These pieces of art are a mixture of expressions familiar to us and demonstrations that cannot be explained within the traditional framework of photography. Hope that this exhibition will deepen the understanding of important issues that currently engage contemporary Korean photographers
The first department of photography was established in a Korean university in 1964. Half a century has passed since then and now a thousand photography-majored students are graduating from over 20 universities across the country. Quite a few of them are continuing their studies in graduate schools or leave abroad to study overseas and return home. These highly educated photographers of new generation have become the central power of Korea¡¯s modern photography since the new millennium. Especially the young artists in their 30~40s are forming the main stream, who spent their youth in late 1980s at around the Seoul Olympics when Korea had achieved its greatest economic growth and democratization. Economic wealth, socio-cultural opening up, massive information that flows in without time delay and diversified values have made them immensely different from photographers before them. They have moved away from collective and traditional values, and equipped themselves with freedom and talents to reflect their personal history and cultural experience to their selection of subjects and process of their work. You will be able to feel a part of such free atmosphere from the works that will be shown in ¡®On the Cutting Edge - Aspects of Korea Contemporary Photography¡¯ exhibition.
We are facing many uncomfortable realities at the moment like global economic downfall, environment issues, terrorism and regional conflicts. The potential energy held by photography will function as a powerful tool for understanding each other¡¯s culture and to link human to human, country to country. Northeast Asian nations have cultivated and shared similar cultural assets through long history. Even so opportunities of exchange and cooperation to further develop such asset had been rare. This exhibition that will take place for the first time in Taiwan will surely be a fine chance to reconfirm identity of northeast Asian photography.
Through this occasion, 20 young Korean artists will be introduced to Taiwan for the first time. Needless to say, participating artists do not represent the whole of Korean contemporary photography. Also it is impossible to prospect ever changing Korean contemporary photography at a glance. Nevertheless the exhibition has been composed on the faith that it will provide clues and chances for understanding various and energetic sections of what¡¯s happening in forefront of Korean contemporary photography. I would like to show my deepest gratitude to Director Huang Tsai-Lang of Taiwan National Museum of Fine Arts for providing the space and opportunity of this exhibition and also professor Chang Chao-Tang, Shen Chao-Liang who have provided great help in making this exhibition happen. Many thanks to chief of the exhibition team Tsai Chao-yi and talented staffs of the museum who took charge of all the desk jobs that are tedious and requiring delicate attention, 20 Korean artists who provided their full support and participation for the exhibition and Jung Hyun-Mi who had helped tasks in Korea for a long period of time.
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Prospect of Contemporary Photography of Korea
It is never an easy task to determine just when contemporary photography of Korea had begun. Photography in Korea had long gone through the days of deep stagnation from the lengthy colonial period, a tragic war between brothers that devastated the entire peninsula, extreme poverty and sociopolitical chaos in addition to acute conflict between ideologies. Up until 1980s when fast economic growth also known as the ¡®miracle of Han River¡¯ and democratization process took place, there were many taboos for the Korean people. They were forbidden from walking on the streets after midnight, and also the act of photographing on beaches, mountain areas or from buildings above 5 stories looking down were all strictly banned. Photography of Korea was able to sustain itself by two parties. One was a small number of photographers who fought against the irrational reality and government oppression, believing photography is a reliable visual gathering tool as well as a proof of undeniable reality. The other was a group of mostly amateur photographers who looked away from reality and praised nature, seeking humanism and artistic ideals.
It was in the late 1980s when a dramatic change began to emerge, soon after the Asian Games and Seoul Olympics. Nationwide confidence derived from economic accomplishments led to opening up of cultural doors, and young photographers baptized with a new culture returned from their studies abroad and began a new wave in Korean photography scene. Unlike those before them who laid out reality, camera and the viewers linearly in attempt to mediate those factors from a neutral position, most of these young photographers thrust themselves into the real world to capture the reality with presence. It was possible to do so because they were well aware of the difference between what actually exists in front of their eyes and the act of gazing at that reality after its specific part has been isolated within the lens range. Exhibitions such as ¡®Photography, the New Vision¡¯ (1989) and ¡®November, Horizon of Korean Photography¡¯ (1991~1994) were monumental events fulfilled by those young blood who were able to experience the upheaval of contemporary photography that was occurring overseas firsthand. Of course not everything proceeded smoothly. Nevertheless, Korea¡¯s contemporary photography had already took its first step towards change, and after repetition of opposing reactions from the conservative photography group namely represented by ¡®View and Mediation¡¯, ¡®Photography is Photography¡¯ exhibitions, and a series of reactions to those movements that followed, an unprecedented explosive movement became noticeable.
There were also other factors that initiated such change. There was awareness of despair that despite its visually evident feature photography has to leave many parts of reality outside of the frame, and that no matter how exterior of reality is recreated in delicate and perfect proportions it is mere cold death mask of reality. Then there was distrust on existing value structures of photographic aesthetic and feeble amateurism. Therefore group exhibitions of the time were not triggered by someone or a few inevitable causes but they were natural eruption of nameless, shapeless yet complex desires formed within young expressionists living through the historical context of 1990s.
In the mean time, major group exhibitions were put on one after another by major galleries and art museums that were once uninterested in photography. That too accelerated the speed of change. Photographs hung on the wide walls of museums were quite different from those the audiences were used to in the aspect of artists¡¯ interests and the method of their expression. Among them, ¡®Horizon of Korean Photography¡¯ composed of works by young artists from the field of fine art and photography was the first big scale event that intensively showed the belief asserting photography is established by the attitude of the artist towards the reality and not by reality¡¯s outer appearance. Their avant-garde and experimental works freely utilized the so called anti-photographic methods such as painting over photo prints or mixing foreign materials and media in the works. It was only natural they were seen as a reckless attempt to attract the eyes of audiences with a peculiar sight or be treated as outcasts by the conservative fellow photographers who were still not confident about how to handle photography even after 150 years of its appearance and overly obsessive of its genuineness. Most of the artists who participated focused on the arbitrary function lying deep inside of photography rather than its indicative function. They were also more concerned about freely expanding function and potential of photography rather than following the dogma of tradition or be tied to the mechanical purism. Events that occurred in the field of photography in mid 1990s seemed to be overwhelming the scale and outcomes accumulated during the last few decades both in quality and quantity. The consensus of modernism stating photography needs to pin point the most complete section from the context of reality, began to shift in full scale by these new types of artists. With the new millennium just ahead, a new generation of artists prepared and equipped to fulfill the possibility of free and rich photography was leading Korean photography fast into the wider realm of contemporary art.
Infrastructural Expansion of Photography Culture
In Korea, ever since 1964¡¯s first establishment of photography department in a university, by the end of 1990 there were 19 two-year course colleges and 13 universities with similar and related departments and more than a thousand students graduated annually as photography major. Then from mid 1990s, number of galleries specializing in photography started to increase and monthly magazines for professionals such as ¡®Photo Art¡¯, ¡®Photonet¡¯ and ¡®Monthly Photography¡¯ began to be published. The wave towards a new era rushed in rapidly where public hearing for construction of public photography museum was held and the government announcing 1998 as the ¡®Year of Photographic Images¡¯. In that same year ¡®Sajin Bipyong(Photography Critic)¡¯ started to be published as the first magazine to concentrate on photographic theory and extensively embrace discourses on image production and consumer structure in the field of humanities and social science including art, literature, cinema and linguistics with photography in the center. During the following year, ¡®Sajin Bipyong Awards¡¯ was launched for the first time in Korea to discover and support new talents in the categories of photography works and critique. This exhibition to be held at National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts will be consisted of works by 20 photographers who are showing the most energetic activity in Korea and abroad as ¡®Sajin Bipyong Awards¡¯ recipients.
Despite Korea¡¯s unprecedented IMF crisis and economic downfall, the scale and speed of change had only increased since the new millennium. Thanks to young theorists who returned from universities of Japan, America and Europe, the field of photography critic that was once close to barren started to become animated and their intellectual thinking and language further expanded the new prospect of photography. Photography exhibitions were held frequently in various cities across the whole country and original prints of foreign photographers that were previously only accessible through books came to be found on the walls of museums and galleries. Number of photography magazines that are immensely different in their contents compared to previous ones made for amateurs had increased too. Hanmi Museum of Photography (2002) and Dong-gang Museum of Photography (2005) opened their doors and their photography collection was initiated focusing on works of passed away artists. Supported by the thickened base of photography, international photography festivals like Dong-gang Photo Festival, Seoul International Photography Festival, Daegu Photo Biennale and more were launched. Works of Korea¡¯s major photographers like Bae Bieb-U and Koo Bon-Chang began to receive attention from large foreign museums, auctions, art fairs and collectors. The fact that these works were sold out at a price that broke records year after year was another encouraging phenomenon defining where Korean photography stands. Major museums that couldn¡¯t care less about photography until then began to eagerly provide their walls to photography, and art fairs, commercial galleries, and auction companies opened their doors and started to sell original photographs in Korea. Starting from art bank system of National Museum of Contemporary Art, other public institutions like Arts Council Korea and Foundation of Arts and Culture came up with art support programs. Following the footsteps of Sajin Bipyong Awards, Daeum Artist Awards and Hanmi Photography Awards offering large amount of award money provided by big companies also offered opportunities to bring prepared young artists to the center stage of modern photography.
However such change of environment did not always function positively to Korean photography. The young generation photographers were able to instantly absorb and take in global cultural changes and major trends of contemporary photography through overseas studies and internet, and this had made positive influences to their thinking. Still it is also true such phenomenon had resulted in enlarging certain part of Korean contemporary photography in a deformed way. Such extreme condition that emerged in Korean photography as it weren¡¯t able to go through normal steps of modernization and self development process, had exposed the circular structure where it is expanded and reproduced through some galleries and exhibition curators, support programs, magazine media, prevalent commercialism and certain theorists having command of western discourses.
There were other problems at hand. Approximately 40~50 thousand had graduated as photography major from universities that were overrun during the 40 years since 1970s till now, but it is estimated only a tenth of them are working as professional photographers in art field or in the fields of commercial photography, journalism, education, corporate firms and other related professions. It means professional man power in the field is oversupplied compared to the market size. In addition, chances of employment for photography major is decreasing by day in proportion to distribution of digital cameras that do not require long term training or experience and increased market demand for academic knowledge and talents rather than professional photographic skills. Integration and even shutdown of department of photography in universities and colleges during the recent years reflect the trend of such situation. It is true that the opportunities of sales has increased much more compared to before through growth of chances for overseas market and expanded photography market, but only a limited number of artists who are protected beneath the wings of influential galleries or already possess established reputation benefit from such advantages of the market. Also a mistaken notion of considering photographers whose work sells expensive as successful had spread, and deciding the level of the artist with the price tag of their works is pointed out as another problem that should be fixed.
A New Type of Artists
It will be meaningless to address all aspects that occurred during the last decade in Korean photography in a simple sentence. The last few years at the turn of the century and the first decade of the new millennium have witnessed the most radical change and development in Korean photography history. We stand just too close to these times to prospect this period of time and the scale, and speed of change surrounding photography is too fast and diverse. The young artists of the new era do not have a common factor in their interest of the world as well as in subjects, objects and methods they choose to employ. Their concerns and style of expression expand in many ways, making it difficult to draw a distinctive outline. Sculptures, installments, montage, drawings, digital compositions, performances, videos and more of these new forms of art works are strengthened by refined strategies and artistic notions. They possess many distinctive factors that need to be differentiated from abstemious photography of before that evolved from the base set on the purity of media. Many works of participants of the Taiwan exhibition who are already largely supported by the international contemporary art scene also show similar features. There never had been a time in the history of Korean photography like now, where photography has energetically constructed a new field of expression through closely conversing with other plastic arts. This is why their work needs to be discussed in the context of contemporary art scene moving away from the closed frame of photography.
Korea¡¯s photography had developed hand in hand with international modern art trends. Photography and fine arts had closed on their distances and had many of their distinctive parts overlap. From the beginning of post modernism in mid to late 1980s, it became harder to differentiate the genres and even meaningless to draw the line between them. The locality and singleness of photography that had been considered as fate are not important to those young artists. Rather than duplicating physical appearance of reality that already exists they pay more attention in showing the impossible world through their own imagination and creative will. Digital image processing techniques that are evolving every day is further helping such phenomenon to expand. It is nothing new for artists who majored in painting and sculpture to apply photographic methods or directly involve photographic images in their work process. Photography is taking up more and more parts of large scale international art scene. It was only a matter of time for contemporary art to notice the chilling eye of camera with emotions and subjectivity perfectly removed. In museums around the world you will easily find art works utilizing photography as a tool to show neutral stance on reality, to criticize or to laugh coldly at the gender and power, dailiness, modern civilization and mass society by mixing or mimicking media. Emergence of many female photographers is another distinctive event in Korean history since 2000. Instead of looking at and analyzing reality from a transcendental posture they turned their eyes to everyday life at close distance both emotionally and physically like their family or home. Through the narrative on gender discrimination and patriarchal value system, they try to refresh the audiences of traditional stereotypes and cultural identities.
No one can deny it had been German contemporary photography represented by artists like Andreas Gursky and Thomas Struth that had led the international photography trends and art markets since the new century. It is nothing unnatural or something that needs to be criticized to say Korean photographers were intrigued and motivated by the fame and economic success of these German artists. Also it can¡¯t be helped for young artists to be sensitive about movements of art market that are heavily influenced by trends of contemporary photography as well as influential galleries, museums, auctions, collectors and critics from in and out of the country, and that they are tempted to adjust themselves to such trends. However they should never forget to blindly follow the mainstream or to produce art works with only their commercial value in mind they would have to sacrifice their character and creative potentials, the biggest virtue of art, in order to enforce economical and material values.
Function and Dysfunction of Market Logic
Like those medieval painters who devoted themselves in recreating the face of God, artists of today are more reliant on the market than before. To them, art market has become a religion that needs to be worshiped. To maximize commercial value of the work large format cameras and huge sized prints have become a must and strategic demands of commercial galleries to meet the needs of collectors and international market trend is also inciting the phenomenon. Digital prints that are enlarged massively and compressed in clear acrylic boards realizing imagination and ideas of photographers, have fine conditions and attractive enough to catch the eyes of audiences, proudly hung on the high walls of wide exhibition halls along with other art works like painting and sculptures. In particular, one of the common traits observed among young Korean photographers of late is a strong influence of the German contemporary photography or the so called Becher Schule, in their way of choosing the object such as mass production and consumer society or historical architecture and industrial structures to the point of display method of large size prints using diasec frames. It is presumable when we look at their works, clearly revealed texture and anonymous city space captured by large format cameras and human beings scattered across enormous print like small parts of a massive machine, that conditions of Korean photographers are experiencing are something that is being proceeded globally regardless of borders and cultural differences.
Their works show recreational spaces of the city like parks developed inside large apartment complex in outskirts of Seoul, artificial lakes and river banks of Han river, public places and industrial facilities spread across the country like memorial halls, tourist attractions, manufacturing plants and product distribution facilities, the individual beings that gather and scatter in those places, and they suggest all these factors as equal groups. It is almost impossible detect nationality individual identity of the place from them. Objects regarded as an object of trivial detail, pieces of everyday life separated from actual context, scenes stripped of individuality and symbolism of certain scene or character are all major interests of new generation photographers. Unlike the modernists who tried to find a pure and ideal world from their own place, these artists look into the details of everyday life in front of them with a neutral view or by depicting them panoramically draw out imagination and poetic world latent in modern civilization and industrial society.
Attractive sense of existence created by delicacy of silver grain still possesses many maniac photographers. They still lock themselves in a darkroom and devote in creating a controlled and abstract world of black and white with their spirits and skills as craftsmen. Yet gelatin silver prints that had kept its place as representation media for more than one and a half century since the invention of photography is doomed to hand over its place to garrulity color images. To the photographers of this era, color is the strongest and most useful media to express their opinions on reality. It is not their intention to simply show a world of objects colored. Typological attitude is another method of approach shown by recent Korean photographers. They extract common traits and symbolic meanings of the color from extravagant interiors of wedding halls resembling 18th century European salons, racks displayed with certain products of same shape, as well as costumes and toys of children to discover taste of the public and social mechanism that creates the taste, and the structure of modern capitalism, the source of consumption patterns. Some photographers believe it is impossible to uncover the structures as capitalism and ideological power that have already vastly rooted in modern society and they are much more complex, transcendental and deeply concealed. These artists would shoot large range without a center from far apart. Unlike their attitude on reality, their works emit a subjective and esthetic atmosphere that reflects their desperate thoughts on reality.
Theoretical norms or paradigms from Western world like symbol, fiction, imitation, typology, everyday life, tableau, spectacle, facade and more are fiercely flooding Korean photography scene. New generation expressionists who were born in 1970s and 80s do not feel contradicted when they strategically engage technological achievements, cultural discourses of the period and artistic methods instead of iconic methods of photography¡¯s reproduction. It seems there is nothing that can control their urge for free expression and enterprising spirit of experiments. To them photography is not a self completing media that values appearance of reality and insides of the author but a tactical tool to realize ideas targeting art market and endless artistic challenges. Among the works to be shown at the exhibition this time, the piece that rebuilt hundreds of images capturing appearance of the object in various angels as a 3D object or the collage reconstructing cut-out commercial photos from magazines in one image, and installation work where the image is printed on the surface of several layers of transparent films are all an example showing a unique section of modern art that is expanding its realm of formative expression by combining methods of the past and foreign media.
Change of cultural environment surrounding photography both domestically and internationally in since 2000 had led certain photographers to reflect creative and sophisticated artistic strategies to their works but on the other hand there is also the negative side, that some young photographers who buried themselves in the international main stream of contemporary photography were surfaced in the photography scene. This may be a temporary phenomenon that easily appears during transitional period. How will the young artists in charge of Korean photography in the near future reflect awareness on basic features of photography, reflection on its possibility as art media, digital technology with its infinite potential and various cultural environments in their works? Will they be able to achieve identity and originality strong enough to endure change, speed and strict standards of international modern art? These are the task given to Korean photography.
A Hope for Solidarity of Photographic Culture in North East Asia
To the 20 photographers in their 30~40s who participated in this exhibition, photography still reveal their insides and physical appearance of real life and at the same time it is a trace of physical act that display strong sense of reality. They capture various social, cultural issues of the era they are living in with a unique and critical view of their own and suggest their opinions in various ways. Yet their work show a meditative and conceptual attitude rather than being direct or emotional. Each have their own methodology, but to them photography stands in the same context in a sense that photography is awakening of reality and an act of agreeing oneself to that reality. At least they are artists who do not risk potential of photography with a spontaneous idea or drown their characters in the logic of trend and market. The exhibition intentionally includes a small number of artists of traditional style but that does not mean their way of thinking is old. There are artists who quickly employed digital camera and Photoshop to their work and there are others who will insist on heavy and inconveniently massive view cameras and sheet films that are becoming more difficult to lay hands on. The exhibition to be held in Taiwan this time will further solidify their confidence in the artistic attitude the artists, who are agreeing fast to the rapid wave of change or else maintaining their own pace, had chosen for themselves,
From the turn of the century, globalization in all fields including international politics, economics, society and culture had proceeded actively. However in the world of photography it is undeniable photography culture has been forming blocks in Europe and American continent exemplified by Month of Paris Photo, FotoFest in Houston and Photo Festival Union. As the era of communication based on digital and internet networks has arrived massive amount of information on photography is being distributed real time without any restrictions in time and space. Unfortunately interactions in North East Asia, an area that shares similar culture and historical background, remain to be inactive. This exhibition is the first meaningful attempt that will open a new door to the photography culture of the area. Without Taiwan National Museum of Modern Arts¡¯ pioneering vision and faith of the future, more time would have been needed to realize such opportunity.
Seung-Kon Kim, Curator, Critic, Prof. Sunchon National University
±¹¸³´ë¸¸¹Ì¼ú°ü ȨÆäÀÌÁö Àü½Ã ¾È³»
http://www.ntmofa.gov.tw/english/showinfomation1_1.aspx?SN=2916td
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